C. Iulius Caesar, De Bello Gallico 4.24

The Roman fleet lies off an open British shore on Caesar's first crossing in 55 BC, and the Britons hold the beach against the landing. The passage sets the conditions on each side, Roman and British, and introduces the essedāriī (British chariot fighters).

 

Tier 1

barbarī cōnsilium Rōmānōrum cognōvērunt. itaque equitēs et essedāriōs prīmum mīsērunt. essedāriī in proeliīs semper pugnābant. deinde barbarī reliquōs mīlitēs mīsērunt. omnēs ad lītus vēnērunt. nostrī mīlitēs ē nāvibus exīre temptābant, sed barbarī eōs prohibēbant.

 

nāvēs nostrae magnae erant. itaque in aquā altā stābant, nōn prope lītus. mīlitēs igitur dē nāvibus in aquam exīre dēbēbant. in undīs stābant. ibi cum hostibus pugnābant. nostrī mīlitēs loca nōn nōverant. manūs nōn erant līberae. arma quoque magna et gravia erant. mīlitēs igitur nōn facile pugnābant.

 

barbarī autem in terrā stābant. paucī paulum in aquam vēnerant. membra eōrum lībera erant. loca bene nōverant. itaque tēla audācter iaciēbant. equōs quoque suōs agēbant. equī nōn timēbant, quod bene doctī erant.

 

nostrī mīlitēs hās rēs vidēbant et timēbant. hoc genus pugnae novum erat. semper in terrā pugnāre solēbant. ibi ācriter et studiōsē pugnābant. sed nunc nōn ita pugnāvērunt.

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